The Index of Economic Freedom is an annual index and ranking created by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal in 1995 to measure the degree of economic freedom in the world's nations. The creators of the index took an approach similar to Adam Smith's in The Wealth of Nations, that "basic institutions that protect the liberty of individuals to pursue their own economic interests result in greater prosperity for the larger society".
Video Index of Economic Freedom
2018 Index
Key: ?? Free (80-100) ?? Mostly Free (70.0-79.9) ?? Moderately Free (60.0-69.9) ?? Mostly Unfree (50.0-59.9) ?? Repressed (0-49.9)
Not ranked
- Andorra
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Grenada
- Iraq
- Libya
- Liechtenstein
- Marshall Islands
- Monaco
- Nauru
- Palau
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- San Marino
- Somalia
- South Sudan
- Syria
- Tuvalu
- Yemen
Maps Index of Economic Freedom
2018 ranking with more attributes
The following table contains more attributes. The whole table is available in XLS format at The Heritage Foundation web site.
Method
The 2018 ranking scores aspects of economic freedom between 0 and 100, with 0 meaning "no economic freedom" and 100 meaning "total economic freeedom". There are twelve aspects divided into four categories.
Rule of law
- Property rights
Degree of a country's legal protection of private property rights and degree of enforcement of those laws. It is divided into the following sub-factors:
- physical property rights
- intellectual property rights
- strength of investor protection
- risk of expropriation
- quality of land administration
- Judicial effectiveness
Degree of the judiciary's efficiency and fairness, especially dealing with property laws. It is divided into the following sub-factors:
- judicial independence
- quality of the judicial process
- likelihood of obtaining favorable judicial decisions
- Government integrity
Analyzes how prevalent are forms of political corruption and practices such as bribery, extortion, nepotism, cronyism, patronage, embezzlement, and graft. It is divided into the following sub-factors:
- public trust in politicians
- irregular payments and bribes
- transparency of government policymaking
- absence of corruption
- perceptions of corruption
- governmental and civil service transparency
Government size
- Tax burden
Analyzes marginal tax rates on personal and corporate income and the overall taxation level (including direct and indirect taxes imposed by all levels of government) as a percentage of the GDP. Its sub-factors are:
- top marginal tax rate on individual income
- top marginal tax rate on corporate income
- total tax burden as a percentage of GDP
- Government spending
Quantifies the burden of government expenditures, including consumption by the state and all transfer payments related to various entitlement programs. The ideal level varies from country to country, but zero expenditure is used as a benchmark.
- Fiscal health
Analyzes how well a country manages its budget by quantifying the growing debt and deficit. It is divided into the following sub-factors:
- average deficits as a percentage of GDP for the most recent three years (80 percent of score)
- debt as a percentage of GDP (20 percent of score)
Regulatory efficiency
- Business freedom
Analyses the cost, time and freedom to open, operate and close a business, taking into consideration factors like electricity. It is divided into thirteen sub-factors:
- starting a business--procedures (number);
- starting a business--time (days);
- starting a business--cost (% of income per capita);
- starting a business--minimum capital (% of income per capita);
- obtaining a license--procedures (number);
- obtaining a license--time (days);
- obtaining a license--cost (% of income per capita);
- closing a business--time (years);
- closing a business--cost (% of estate);
- closing a business--recovery rate (cents on the dollar);
- getting electricity--procedures (number);
- getting electricity--time (days); and
- getting electricity--cost (% of income per capita).
- Labor freedom
Quantifies the intrusivness of labor rights such as minimum wage, laws inhibiting layoffs, severance requirements, and measurable regulatory restraints on hiring and hours worked, plus the labor force participation rate as an indicative measure of employment opportunities in the labor market. It is divided into the following sub-factors:
- ratio of minimum wage to the average value added per worker
- hindrance to hiring additional workers
- rigidity of hours
- difficulty of firing redundant employees
- legally mandated notice period
- mandatory severance pay
- labor force participation rate
- Monetary freedom
Analyses how stable are prices and how much microeconomy intervenes. It is divided into the following sub-factors:
- weighted average inflation rate for the most recent three years
- price controls
Market openness
- Trade freedom
Quantifies the extent to which tariff and nontariff barriers affect imports and exports of goods and services into and out of the country. Its sub-factors are:
- trade-weighted average tariff rate
- nontariff barriers (NTBs)
- Investment freedom
Analyses how free or constrained is the flow of investment capital of individuals and firms.
- Financial freedom
Indicates banking efficiency as well as how independent from the government is the financial sector. This aspect looks at five broad areas:
- extent of government regulation of financial services
- degree of state intervention in banks and other financial firms through direct and indirect ownership
- government influence on the allocation of credit
- extent of financial and capital market development
- openness to foreign competition
Meaning
The Heritage Foundation reports that the top 20% on the index have twice the per capita income of those in the second quintile, and five times that of the bottom 20%. Carl Schramm, who wrote the first chapter of the 2008 Index, states that cities of Medieval Italy and mid-19th century Midwestern American cities all flourished to the degree they possessed economic fluidity and institutional adaptiveness created by economic freedom.
According to Will Wilkinson of the libertarian think tank Cato Institute, studies show that higher economic freedom correlates strongly with higher self-reported happiness. According to economists Tomi Ovaska and Ryo Takashima, economic freedom research suggests "that people unmistakably care about the degree to which the society where they live provides them opportunities and the freedom to undertake new projects, strongly with and make choices based on one's personal preferences."
According to the Cato Institute, higher economic freedom promotes participation and collaboration. Also claimed is that higher economic freedom is extremely significant in preventing wars; according to their calculations, freedom is around 54 times more effective than democracy (as measured by Democracy Score) in diminishing violent conflict.
Ratings
Since the index was created in 1995, the score for world economic freedom has increased, rising 2.6 points up to 2008. In 2011 the score had decreased from the 2008 score of 60.2 to 59.7, which represents an increase of 2.2 points since 1995. The Economic Freedom score improved for 117 countries, the majority of countries included in the index, which were mainly developing and emerging market economies. With the exception of Europe and North America, there were increased levels of freedom recorded in all regions, with the greatest improvement shown in Sub-Saharan Africa. The top five "free" economies identified by the 2011 index were Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, and Switzerland, each scoring over 80 on the economic freedom grading scale. Since the Index was created in 1995, Hong Kong has been the top performing economy.
In 2011, the United States dropped to 9th place behind such countries as Denmark, Canada, and first-place Hong Kong. The Heritage Foundation has pointed to increases in government spending as the reason for the United States' decline, and according to data from the 2011 index, the growth rates of countries with the highest levels of government spending were 4.5 points lower, on average, than countries where government spending was under control. In their "Executive Highlights" of index results, the Heritage Foundation stated that "high levels of government spending in response to the global economic turmoil have not resulted in higher economic growth".
The results from the 2012 index showed an overall decline in global economic freedom; according to The Heritage Foundation, the average score in its ranking was the second lowest of the last ten years. In particular, the U.S. dropped to 10th place in the ranking, and has now fallen three places since 2008, when it was 7th. A report issued by the Foundation stated that government spending was the cause of the decline, and had "not only failed to arrest the economic crisis, but also--in many countries--seems to be prolonging it". According to the report, activity in the private sector is threatened by the greater government spending, which has increased public debt and led to more bureaucracy.
Countries that shared the same rank received a tie score.
Reception
According to the Freedom House, "there is a high and statistically significant correlation between the level of political freedom as measured by Freedom House and economic freedom as measured by the Wall Street Journal/Heritage Foundation survey." The Millennium Challenge Account, a U.S. government foreign aid program, has used the Trade freedom indicator in determining which countries will receive their performance-based compacts.
Critics such as Jeffrey Sachs have contested the Index's assumption that economic openness necessarily leads to better growth. In his book The End of Poverty, Sachs graphed countries' ratings on the index against GDP per capita growth between 1995 and 2003, claiming to demonstrate no correlation between a country's rating and its rate of economic growth. Sachs pointed out, as examples, that countries with good ratings such as Switzerland and Uruguay had sluggish economic performances, others, like China, with poorer rating had very strong economic growth.
The UAE questioned the rating of their country's economic freedom in 2008, comparing its middling rating with the high rating they had received from other indicators such as Transparency International and Moody's. They also argued that the report is "unreliable", because its methodology had changed twice in the last two years.
Stefan Karlsson of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, challenged the usefulness of the index due to the fuzziness of many of the categories used to determine freedom. John Miller roundly criticizes the "Index", writing in Dollars & Sense, "In the hands of the Wall Street Journal and the Heritage Foundation, Washington's foremost right-wing think tank, however, an economic freedom index merely measures corporate and entrepreneurial freedom from accountability. Upon examination, the index turns out to be a poor barometer of either freedom more broadly construed or of prosperity." According to Left Business Observer, growth in Index accounts for 10% of the variation in the growth of GDP.
Historical rankings
Historical ranks and scores
Key: ?? Free (80-100) ?? Mostly Free (70.0-79.9) ?? Moderately Free (60.0-69.9) ?? Mostly Unfree (50.0-59.9) ?? Repressed (0-49.9)
Method (old)
The Index's 2008 definition of economic freedom is "the highest form of economic freedom provides an absolute right of property ownership, fully realized freedoms of movement for labor, capital, and goods, and an absolute absence of coercion or constraint of economic liberty beyond the extent necessary for citizens to protect and maintain liberty itself."
The index scores nations on ten factors of economic freedom, separated into four categories, using statistics from organizations like the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, Economist Intelligence Unit and Transparency International. In each factor, countries are scored 0 to 100, with 0 being the least free and 100 the most free. A score of 100 signifies an economic environment or set of policies that is most conducive to economic freedom. The methodology has shifted and changed as new data and measurements have become available, especially in the area of Labor Freedom, which was given its own indicator spot in 2007. The following list explains what each factor currently assesses and groups them according to their respective category:
- Rule of Law
- Property Rights: Degree of a country's legal protection of private property rights, degree of enforcement of those laws, independence of and corruption within the judiciary, and likelihood of expropriation.
- Freedom from Corruption: The non-prevalence of political corruption within a country, according to the Corruption Perceptions Index.
- Limited Government
- Fiscal Freedom: How free is a country from tax burden. It comprises three quantitative measures: top marginal tax rate of both individual (1) and corporate (2) income, and total tax burden as a percentage of GDP (3).
- Government Size/Spending: Governments' expenditures as a percentage of GDP, including consumption and transfers. The higher the percentual spending, the lower the score.
- Regulatory Efficiency
- Business Freedom: A country's freedom from the burden of regulations on starting, operating, and closing business, given factors such as time, cost and number of procedures, as well as the efficiency of government in the regulatory process.
- Labor Freedom: How free is a country from legal regulation on the labor market, including those relating to minimum wages, hiring and firing, hours of work and severance requirements.
- Monetary Freedom: How free from microeconomic intervention and price instability is a country, basing on an equation considering the weighted average inflation rate in the last three years and price controls.
- Open Markets
- Trade Freedom: Freedom from sizeable numbers and burdens of tariffs and non-tariff barriers to imports and exports of a country.
- Investment Freedom: Freedom from restrictions on the movement and use of investment capital, regardless of activity, within and across the country's borders.
- Financial Freedom: A country's independence from government control and interference in the financial sector, including banks. It considers government ownership of financial firms, extent of financial and capital market development, government influence on the allocation of credit and openness to foreign competition.
Historical positions (1995-2008)
See also
- List of countries by economic freedom
- List of freedom indices
- Mary O'Grady, an editor of the Wall Street Journal and co-editor of the Index of Economic Freedom
- Gross National Happiness
- Bhutan GNH Index
- Happiness economics
- Corruption Perceptions Index
- Ease of doing business index
References
External links
- Official website
- Index of Economic Freedom in the 50 States from the Mercatus Center
- List of Global Development Indexes and Rankings
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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